Cognitive Behavior Therapy Arena

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• Price: $89.95 $80.96
• Hardback: 498 pages
• Also available in e-Book
• Published: December 2011
• ISBN: 978-1-4398530-2-3
• Publisher: Taylor & Francis
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All too often, the weakest link in the chain of criminal justice is the crime scene investigation. Improper collection of evidence blocks the finding of truth. Now in its second edition, Practical Crime Scene Processing and Investigation presents practical, proven methods to be used at any crime scene to ensure that evidence is admissible and persuasive.

Accompanied by more than 300 color photographs, topics discussed include:

• Understanding the nature of physical evidence, including fingerprint, biological, trace, hair and fiber, and other forms of evidence
• Actions of the responding officer, from documenting and securing the initial information to providing emergency care
• Assessing the scene, including search considerations and dealing with chemical and bioterror hazards
• Crime scene photography, sketching, mapping, and notes and reports
• Light technology and preserving fingerprint and impression evidence
• Shooting scene documentation and reconstruction
• Bloodstain pattern analysis and the body as a crime scene
• Special scene considerations, including fire, buried bodies, and entomological evidence
• The role of crime scene analysis and reconstruction, with step-by-step procedures

Two appendices provide additional information on crime scene equipment and risk management, and each chapter is enhanced by a succinct summary, suggested readings, and a series of questions to test assimilation of the material. Using this book in your investigations will help you find out what happened and who is responsible.

Table of Contents

Introduction

Police Goals and Objectives

Evidence Defined

The Interpretive Value of Evidence

Good Crime Scene Examinations and Scene Integrity Issues

Investigative Ethics

Understanding the Nature of Physical Evidence

Class and Individual Characteristics

Fingerprint Evidence

Serology and Biological Evidence

Trace Evidence

Hairs and Fibers

Glass

Paints and Polymers

Soils

Gunshot Residues (GSRs)

Firearm and Ballistic Evidence

Tool Mark Evidence

Impression Evidence

General Chemical Evidence

Document Evidence

Computer Forensics

Forensic Pathology

Actions of the Initial Responding Officer

Specific Objectives of the Initial Response

Documenting Initial Information

Officer Safety

Emergency Care

Secure and Control the Crime Scene

Release the Scene to Appropriate Authorities

Processing Methodology

Basic Activities of Scene Processing

A Processing Model

The Adapted USACIDC Processing Model

Assessing the Scene

Debriefing the Responding Officers

Scene Scope and Boundary Assessment

Scene Integrity and Contamination Control

Managing Access

Defining Team Composition

Crime Scene Search Considerations

Search Patterns

Circle or Spiral Search

Strip and Line Search

Grid Search

Zone Search

Point-to-Point Search

Personal Protective Measures and Hazard Identification

Biohazard Risks

Structural Hazards in Fire and Explosion Scenes

Chemical and Inhalation Hazards in Fire and Explosion Scenes

Inhalation, Chemical, or Fire Hazards from Scene Processing Techniques

Chemical and Bioterror Hazards

Considerations for Mass Crime Scene and Mass Casualty Situations

Pre-Event Considerations of Crime Scene Supervisors

Practical On-Scene Considerations for the Mass Scene

Managing the Media

Crime Scene Photography

What Makes Good Photographs

Recurring Problems in Crime Scene Photography

Identification Problems

Orientation Problems

Confusion Problems

Incomplete Documentation

Types and Purpose of Crime Scene Photographs

Overall Photographs

Corner or Side—You Decide

Evidence-Establishing Photographs

What’s in a Name: Evidence-Establishing vs. Mid-Range Photos

Evidence Close-Up and Forensic Quality Photographs

The Road Mapping Method of Photographic Documentation

A Basic Methodology to Crime Scene Photography

Camera Control Issues

Video Photography

Crime Scene Sketching and Mapping

Essential Sketch Elements

Variations of View in Sketches

Methods for Crime Scene Mapping

Technology in Support of Crime Scene Mapping

Narrative Descriptions: Crime Scene Notes and Reports

Investigative Notes

Crime Scene Reports

Basic Skills for Scene Processing

ROSS M. GARDNER WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY DON COFFEY, JEREMY JOHN, AND TOM ADAIR

Applying Light Technology

Shortwave Ultraviolet Light (180 to 254 nm) and Reflected Ultraviolet ImagingSystems (RUVIS)

Longwave Ultraviolet Light (365 to 415 nm)

Near-UV and Violet/Blue Light (415 to 485 nm)

Crime Scene Search with Blue Light (485 to 530 nm)

Orange-Red (570 to 700 nm)

Infrared (700 to 2,000 nm)

Heat Energy and Thermal Imaging (12,000 nm)

Choosing an Alternative Light Source

Recovering Fingerprints

The Science of Fingerprints

Classification vs. Identification

AFIS Fingerprint Systems

Collecting Fingerprint Evidence

Surface Characteristics

Porous Surfaces

Nonporous Smooth Surfaces

Nonporous Rough Surfaces

Special Surfaces or Conditions

On-Scene Fingerprinting Techniques

Cyanoacrylate Fuming (Superglue Fuming)

Basic Brush-and-Powder Techniques

Small-Particle Reagent

Adding Machine Paper Technique for Human Skin

Crystal Violet Solution for Adhesive Tape

Fingerprints in Fire Scenes

Casting Impression Evidence

Rubber Casting Compounds

Electrostatic Dust Lifting Devices

Dental Stone Casting Techniques

Snow Prints

Gelatin and Other Adhesive Lifters

Shooting Scene Documentation and Reconstruction

ROSS M. GARDNER AND MICHAEL MALONEY

Internal Ballistics

Terminal Ballistics

External Ballistics

Bullet Defect Verification through Chemical Evaluation

Defining the Bullet Impact Angle Based on Defect Shape

Describing Zones of Possibility

Applying Bloodstain Pattern Analysis in the Crime Scene

Bloodstain Pattern Analysis

Theory and Underlying Principles of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis

The Principle of Stain Shape and Vector Correlation

The Physically Altered Bloodstain Principle

Methodology of BPA

Infrared Photography

The Body as a Crime Scene

ROSS M. GARDNER AND MICHAEL MALONEY

Examination of the Corpse In Situ

Examination of the Corpse at the Morgue

Examination of a Live Individual

Understanding Basic Mechanisms of Injuries

Special Scene Considerations

Fire Scenes

Fire Patterns

Problems Associated with Fire Scenes

Fire Scene Methodology

Landfill Recoveries

Problems Associated with Landfill Recoveries

Landfill Recovery Methodology

Buried and Scattered Remains

Buried Bodies

Scattered Remains

Entomological Evidence Associated with Bodies

The Role of Crime Scene Analysis and Reconstruction

A History of the Concept of Crime Scene Reconstruction

The Underlying Principles of Crime Scene Reconstruction

Crime Scene Reconstruction Methodology

Scientific Method Used to Resolve a Specific Investigative Question

Event Analysis: Reconstructing Entire Events

Summary

Suggested Reading

Chapter Questions

Notes

Appendix A: Crime Scene Equipment

Appendix B: Risk Management

Index

Reviews

"I am convinced it is essential that all officers and investigative personnel have a solid understanding of professionally accepted crime scene protocols in order that their agency can take full advantage of today's sophisticated laboratory techniques and technologies. This book can play a significant role in helping responsible, concerned individuals realize that objective."

—Eugene R. Cromartie, Deputy Executive Director/Chief of Staff, International Association of Chiefs of Police Major General (Ret.), United States Army Criminal Investigation Command

Author/Editor Biography

Ross Martin Gardner worked in law enforcement for nearly 29 years. The vast majority of that period was spent with the U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Command, performing duties as a special agent and command sergeant major. In 1999, SA Gardner retired from the military to take a position as a chief of police in a small suburban Atlanta police department. He served in that position until 2003, when he quit public service to become a full-time consultant and instructor. Ross is currently the vice president of Bevel, Gardner and Associates, a forensic education and consulting group.